Cutting-Edge Trends of Ground Robots Transforming Traditional Agriculture: An Overview and Case Studies

Abstract

The global population is exceeding, compelling an increased food supply for sustenance survival and agricultural activity for economic development. On the other hand, traditional farm machinery and activities result in the exploitation of fertilizers, irrigation water, land, and environmental sustainability. The current study aims to present advanced ground robots as effective solutions for autonomous operations, enhancing efficiency, productivity, and revenues in agriculture while consuming fewer resources and preserving the environment. In this regard, an overview of diverse imaging sensors and navigation technologies for ground robots are explicated as key components that assist in automation and autonomy. Recent trends adopted for deploying ground robots while integrating internet-of-things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), cloud and edge computing, collaborative robotics, and energy and resource-efficient systems are elucidated, driving smart and sustainable agriculture. Moreover, state-of-the-art applications of ground robots in three agriculture branches are explored. Three case studies from Ireland are proffered as evidence of traditional agriculture transformation. Some limitations necessitating future considerations are highlighted. The current study signifies the importance of employing ground robots to leap from conventional agricultural practices to precision and sustainable operations.